Identifying Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Identifying Bacteria Essay Bacteria identification is accomplished in a number of ways. Two common tools microbiologists use to identify unknown bacteria include dichotomous key and biochemical tests. The dichotomous key is useful when a microbiologist only needs to know which group an unknown microbe belongs to on a general level. When a microbiologist needs to identify a specific bacterium, biochemical tests are used. PART ONE: GENERAL BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION Review the dichotomous key in Figure A, the bacterial shapes in Figure B, and the Gram stain information below. You will use all three to determine to which major group unknown bacteria belong. Gram Stain Results: Purple = Gram positive Red = Gram negative Neither purple nor red = No cell wall (neither Gram positive nor Gram negative) Review Figure C on the following page. Use Figure C to identify the type of arrangement displayed by the unknown bacteria. Read through the Sample Identification on the following page for an example of how to identify bacterial groups and arrangements using Figures A, B, C, and the Gram stain results. Sample Identification After performing a Gram stain, you observe the following under a microscope: (Cells are stained red.) Begin with item 1 on the dichotomous key (Figure A). Because the organisms  are red, they are not Gram-positive. According to the key, continue to item 3. Because the organism is red (not clear or another color), it is indeed Gram-negative according to item 3. The key directs you to item 5. Consider the shape of individual cells for item 5. According to Figure B, the shape type is closest to spherical. (Note: spherical is circular.) The bacteria belong to the Gram-negative cocci group. Now use Figure C to describe arrangement of bacteria. (The bacteria are not rod- or club-shaped, so focus on the cocci arrangements.) Identify the arrangement that is most prominent. The bacteria are arranged in a diplo- fashion. Enter the group and arrangement in the table. Application Use Figures A, B, C, and Gram stain results to identify group and arrangement of bacteria. Continue to Part Two after completing the table. View from Microscope Group of Bacteria Arrangement (stained red) Gram-negative cocci Diplo- (stained purple) (stained purple) (stained red) (stained red) (stained purple) (stained purple) PART TWO: CAse study scenario: identify specific bacteria through biochemical testing To gain an understanding of the processes involved with identifying bacteria through biochemical tests, access Chapter 6 of the text in WileyPlus located on the Week One course page. Once in WileyPlus (Chapter 6), select the â€Å"Bacterial Identification by API† link located under the heading, Take Another Look. Once selected, review the information and watch the Flash-animated movie (animation) located within this link. Then, review the following scenario and answer the questions that follow. Case Study A recent outbreak of food poisoning has occurred in a community. One possible source of contamination may be the produce that is grown and distributed locally at a farmer’s market. A test sample of some of the produce revealed evidence of bacterial contamination. The bacteria sample was tested in a microbiology lab and showed the results that follow. The laboratory also performed a Gram stain of the isolated bacteria and ran a number of biochemical tests to aid identification. The biochemical tests were assayed using the Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative bacteria. Figure 1. Microbiology laboratory results – Unknown bacteria present on produce (API Results) Figure 2. API Results of Unknown Bacteria in Text Format Gram stain: Gram-negative Based on Gram stain results and the knowledge that this bacterium caused food poisoning, the laboratory is able to narrow down the possibilities to three bacterial strains. Figure 3 shows the API results: Figure 3. API Results of Known Bacterial Strains in Text Format Gram stain Application Compare the API biochemical test results in Figure 2 (unknown bacteria from  produce) with API test results in Figure 3 (known bacterial strains identified in the gray boxes on the left). The bacterial strain in Figure 3 that matches Figure 2 will identify the bacterial strain causing illness. Based upon your observations, which of the bacteria in Figure 3 is the most likely cause of the food poisoning outbreak?

XFL Excitment Or Excuse :: essays research papers

XFL: Excitement or Excuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football is something as American as apple pie. It is thought of as gritty, physical, and all around fun just as most Americans like to be thought of. For decades the NFL has dominated the world of football. However, Vince McMahon, the founder of the WWF, has introduced a new and controversial professional football league called the XFL. Much of the controversy is about whether the XFL is a force to be reckoned with or just another of McMahon’s clever marketing ploys. Although the XFL’s survival has been questioned by many, it promises to be a league full of the smash-mouth, trash-talking, fan-oriented football every fan deserves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, the league will succeed because it has been geared towards the fans from the beginning. In contrast, the NFL only seems to care about its premadonna, million dollar superstars. Chuck Miller, a columnist for Football Digest, points out the perfect timing for the league. It starts up right after the Super Bowl and ends right before the basketball and hockey postseasons (58). The XFL has implemented many new rules to increase the excitement of the game. No fair catches, no kicking for PATs, and no â€Å"safety† rules to protect the quarterback are just a few of the rules changed in hopes of creating a faster more competitive game. Secondly, there are cameras and microphones everywhere, including on the benches, in the huddles, and all over the field. This will give the fans a new and different perspective than the average NFL game. The locker rooms at half time, a referee’s huddle, and even a player’s brutal taunts to the opposing t eam which are usually off limits to the average fan add to the thrill and emotion of an XFL game. Also, the price of an average XFL ticket is around a reasonable twenty-five dollars. These cheap tickets to a new and certainly exciting professional football league have many people believing this is truly fan-based entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason the XFL will survive and prosper is its business savvy. Vice McMahon, who established himself as the owner and founder of the WWF, has proved to be a marketing genius. In a 50-50 partnership with NBC, who pumped in 50 million dollars and marketing muscle, Vince is targeting 13-24 year old males for his new football league.This target audience of 13-24 year old males just happens to be the same target audience of his WWF, which should make cross promotions a breeze (Efferon 31).

The Final Five Minutes

Here I am lying in my hospital bed and I've just been told, this is it, I'm not sure how I feel, maybe relieved. This Illness has gone on too long and I have lost any energy I may have had for the fight. When the doctor told me, a very nice girl, she had tears down her cheeks and I ended up telling her that it was all right. I think this is the first time since it began I have been able to feel relaxed and calm. Sitting round the bed is my wife and two children watching me and talking about all the things that had happened today. I do not know if I am interested but I must look like I am for them, they are upset as it is and they will not believe I am content about the news I was given this morning. So far my life has been full and happy with my wife and children growing up around me. Although I am sad to be leaving them behind I know they will be OK and supported by my own family and friends and also theirs ass well when they are called upon. I know my family are close and will stick together through thick and thin to cope with the good and bad times together. I am holding my sons hands and telling him that things will carry on without me as normal and he must help his sister to get by being strong and helping his mum when she needs it and act as the man of the house. The nurse is putting something in my arm and saying it is for the pain and it feels like I am on drugs, it feels good and soothes the pain that has overcome my body for so long. I hope they give me enough drugs to help me through and make me leave this world looking ok and so everything is ok when the times comes to say goodbye, I'll be on the right track. Everything seems to be becoming distant and blurred, I wonder if this is the time? I don't know if I am ready yet, I want to say goodbye before I go anywhere. I'm thinking of my own parents and my past like a picture album remembering the good things when I was young. I seem to be going further away and every body is shouting, I wish they would be quiet and let me rest. All of a sudden everything is clear and I can see my family this makes me feel very happy and I am ready to go. Things are getting dark and I think this might be it, I don't care as long as it happens straight away and I do not look to silly. Everything is extremely quite and this is where I find out what really happens at the end.

Methods And Materials Primer Design And Cloning - 768 Words

Methods and Materials: Primer Design and Cloning: To explore regions of the Drosophila genome that weren’t categorized by Stark lab fragments, we used a molecular approach to design novel candidate enhancers from the ChIP sequence peaks. This approach also allowed us to create narrower fragments (approximately 1000 bp), focusing on enhancer activity and reducing the chance of background activity. Fragments containing in vivo Bcd and Otd binding signals were selected by searching between 500 bp upstream to 500 bp downstream of the primary binding peaks from ChIP sequence data (Datta, Unpublished) for Bcd Early (BcdE), Otd Late (OtdL), Otd Early (OtdE), or both BcdE and OtdL. We designed primers for the top candidate enhancers using Primer3, calculating for appropriate GC content and melting temperature (primers ordered through Integrated DNA Technologies, Iowa). Restriction enzyme sites (AscI at 5` and BglII at 3’) were incorporated into the primers. Standard PCR amplification (Chen et al.) was performed with wildtype f ly genomic DNA and candidate primers. Qiagenâ„ ¢ kits were used for PCR purification and gel extraction. Vector Construction and Transgenesis: Reporter gene construction was conducted to obtain flies that contained the candidate enhancers. Reporter genes were constructed using the piB-HC-lacZ vector (Chen et al, 2012). The piB-HC-lacZ vector contains a 4.0 kb HindIII-SphI fragment, including an eve basal promotor, the lacZ-coding region, and the 3’ UTR from theShow MoreRelatedPolymerase Chain Reaction Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesOne may view cloning as copying a living thing and producing multiple copies. People may think of cloning rabbits, sheep or humans. In the field of molecular biology, however cloning is viewed at a genetic molecular level, where a piece of DNA is copied on a large-scale by genetically copying tens to hundreds of thousands of identical DNA fragments. 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Chromosomes are composed of 50 % DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid) and 50 % proteins. The genetic material or DNA is wrapped around the histone protein to form a nucleosome.    About 200 base pairs (bp) of DNA coil around one histone.   The next level of organization of the chromatin is the 30 nm fibe, a solenoid structure with about 6 nucleosomes per turnRead MoreDna Sequences Using Polymerase Chain Reaction1605 Words   |  7 PagesEdwina Abou Haidar, Houssam Al Koussa, Mary AbedAlAhad. Department of Biology, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon Abstract The 16s rRNA gene sequencing is a widely common amplicon sequencing method used to identify and compare bacteria in a given sample. This method is well established and allows to study phylogeny and taxonomy of complex microbiomes. In this study, an unknown sample of extracted microbial DNA was analyzed by performing the polymerase chain reaction followedRead MoreThe Reaction Of Polymerase Chain Reaction1823 Words   |  8 Pagestechnology that has made a tremendous impact on researchers, and has also affected many aspects of our everyday lives. The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the study of life as a tool for the biological sciences. Molecular cloning allowed the study of individual genes of living organisms; however there was dependence of obtaining a relatively large quantity of pure DNA. 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Children Live Long Enough - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2275 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Childhood Obesity: Will children live long enough to make a difference? The late 1940s brought on a radical and drastic new change to the American culture when McDonalds first opened its doors and started introducing the public to quick, easy, and convenient new ways to consume their food. McDonalds prided themselves on being able to easily replicate delicious meals for families in a quick manner in order to provide more time doing other activities instead of being in the kitchen for hours at a time preparing meals. This was a tremendous concept and one that the American people became fond of especially in a post-World War 2 era when the pace of society started to pick up speed and women were starting to enter the workforce at a higher rate than ever before.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Children Live Long Enough" essay for you Create order Once the success of McDonalds was seen nationwide, due to Ray Kroc franchising the company and expanding all across the country, other fast food establishments began to emerge, thus giving the people even more choices for quick food options and more excuses to not cook homemade, nutritious meals like in past history. Establishments like Burger King and Taco Bell started their business in the 1950s and used the similar business model that had been working so well for the McDonalds franchise. Every passing decade saw more and more increase in activity in the American peoples lives. Work hours started to become longer when businesses incorporated twenty-four hour business hours. Stiffer competition for jobs increased which also led to more people becoming unemployed due to either a lack of education required or other factors. Women also were becoming even more prominent in the business world and establishing themselves as leaders and managers for many companies which took away from the traditional model of the family where the woman stayed home and took care of the children, the house, and the cooking. These changes were mostly all positive for the growth of our country except for the fact that Americans started to rely too much on these quick, convenient food options instead of cooking healthy meals for themselves and their family. Fast food restaurants saw this opportunity to capitalize on the growing trend in America and used clever marketing tactics in order to convince the public that they needed the fast food restaurants in order to survive the hectic pace the world was turning into. By using less than quality ingredients and charging a very low price for food, they almost gave the American population no choice but to dine in their establishments. Over time it just became a habit and after years and years of abusing the food and a lack of exercise because of the heavy demand of their career, people, and especially children have suffered tremendous health issues. The rise of obesity in both adults and children has been steadily increasing over the last half century, not to mention other chronic diseases like diabetes, heart failure, liver failure, ulcers, attention deficit disorder, and the list goes on and on. All of these have a relationship with the choice of food we put into our body, the amount of exercise we as the American population participate in, and lifestyle choices we make each and every day. Fast food restaurants are not solely to blame for the epidemic of obesity spreading across our country. Men, women, and children have a choice whether or not to consume these products, but the marketing and targeting tactics these establishments use to draw in consumers is not helping solve this disease epidemic either. There is not a strong enough regulation of the ingredients used in the food and that is an issue that our federal government needs to help address strongly and quickly because the trends of increased obesity in our entire population is still rising and doesnt look to stop anytime soon without a radical intervention. The increase use of technology in our country and worldwide has been changing the way people get their information. Technology has also changed the way we live our lives which is another major factor contributing to the marketing of fast food to lower income households and also on how we as a population live our everyday lives. Technology has attributed to the obesity in the United States without question. There is irrefutable evidence which shows that about one-third of American children and teenagers are overweight or obese, making childhood obesity the leading health concern for parents in the United States. But where did it all start? One can say that the invention of the television in the 1930s was certainty the pioneer for the future of a technological revolution. This new age device kept children mesmerized for hours while sitting in the same position for hours, for most parents this was a free babysitter and an easy way to keep children entertained. However with the increase of television sales the decrease of physical activity began to take place. The television was only the beginning of technology, and in the late 1950s video games arrived. An explosion of success hit the video game industry when they began to market specifically toward young adults and kids. The increase of sales attributed to such high popularity that almost every kid in America had a form of video game in their household. Although a great stride for technology, the effects of obesity were beginning to develop at full force. In a not so coincidental twist, the American Academy of Pediatrics has estimated that the average child spends upwards of seven hours watching television, browsing the Internet and playing video games each day. This is a huge increase in sedentary hours for children compared to the ratio of hours in which children physically exert their bodies and burn calories. Besides the overwhelming amounts of technology that surround children everyday, there is another underlying factor regarding technology that influences rates of obesity, that is the exposure that children receive while watching television. Most television advertisements are dominated by major food corporations who are responsible for the selective marketing of vulnerable populations such as children. According to a report in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association in 2008 9 out of 10 food advertisements shown during Saturday morning childrens programming are for low-nutrient foods that are high in fat, sodium and added sugars. This intense form of marketing changes childrens perceptions about food and in turn their health as well seeing as they prefer fast foods over healthy foods. Even more shocking is the fact that technology has a correlation between high rates of snacking and mindless eating. A study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology in 2014 monitored the habits of 1,003 sixth-graders over the span of a year. What the researchers found was that kids who spent more time in front of a screen whether it was a television screen or a computer screen, snacked more often during their exposure time and ate snacks containing high amount of sugar and fats, rather than vegetables or fruits. Childhood obesity cannot be solely blamed on one individual party because there are many responsible factors leading to this serious issue. One of these beings the similar lifestyle that many parents have in regards to their own kids health. Prior to the World War, women were stay at home mothers. One a daily basis, women attend to the children, completed daily chores and controlled the average familys food preparation, while men worked outside the home. Women also spent a good portion of the day finding fresh ingredients, preparing these ingredient, eventually consuming these ingredients and cleaning up afterwards. The correlation in time between the fast food industrys creation and the first feminist movements that encouraged women to go into the workforce made fast food part of the American dream. In the 1950s Americans pioneered the first fast food industry that gained so much momentum that people began to overlook the traditional ways of how food was consumed. Americans eating habits have had a major cultural shift, and have continued to decline since then. In decades to follow, other cultures began to contribute to the modified way people ate and cut out meal preparation for their families.This convenience was advertised as a way to add more time to an average day. This meant that fewer meals were being prepared at home and since manufactured food had higher calories than home cooked meals, the average individuals caloric intake increased dramatically. Cooking could no longer be used as an excuse to limit female involvement within the workforce thus making fast food a proponent of male and female parties. This idea was even more appealing to women who ran these typical duties until that very moment. The manufacturing food industry began to market on the peoples need for rapid convenient food. Processed or manufactured food is often designed as snack food with lots of salt, fat, and sugar, that is then marketed to the public as main meals. The 50s have remained memorial decades on its passing and in this era we are seeing more obesity in the general community than we did several decades ago. This is due to our broader environment of fast food, video games, and television, in which we live, making it harder to make healthier choices. In the eyes of every parents their child is unique, special and beautiful. However, doctors are now warning parents that their obese child(s) is at risk of facing serious health complication that could cut their lives short. Several American families arent knowledgeable about proper nutritional intake and have very little to no physical activity. We are all genetically predisposed to gaining weight, specifically when we are not eating healthy and lack of exercise. So what can parents do? If parents lead a healthy lifestyle, then children will follow their pattern model. It is important parents play a role in the support structure, diet factor, physical activities and overall health of the child. Childhood obesity has no preferences, it targets children of any age ,sex, and ethnicity. Its an epidemic that has grown so out of control that according to Kids Health 1 in 3 children are considered overweight or obese. We can no longer ignore the issue at hand, the children of this country are just that children. These children do not possess the mental development to control their own habits and realize that they have an issue that needs attention, and although they are part of the problem and solution, it is up to parents and adults to be active about the issue. The key to solving childhood obesity is not to treat it when it has occurred but instead to be proactive and prevent obesity before it can even occur. Programs such as Just for Kids! Obesity Prevention Program can help to not only physically motivate children to enjoy working out but it also encourages children to eat healthy. Parents who control the food distribution in the household can also make sure that what children receive for breakfast, lunch, and dinner is low in sugars, and fats and contains more vegetables, fruits and grains than anything else. The future of our country lies in the hands of our children, we need children who will outlive us, who will be the pioneers of the future and it all starts with proper nutrition and exercise. Obese children are at risk of suffering physical and mental health issues for the remainder of their lives; low self-esteem, diabetes, low self-confidence, and cancer. Hours spent in front of the television, on a smartphone, or computer screen have contributed to the decline of physical activity in children. These hours could be spent outside at a park, or even playing a sport of some kind. Lack of nutrition and physical education in not only homes, but school as well is a factor in children becoming obese. Health problems along the lines of high cholesterol, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, joint pain, apnea, and fatty liver disease. Children should be exposed to healthy eating habits and physical activities. Fruits and vegetable snacks could be offered instead of foods such as cookies, chips, and ice cream that include a high amount of calories fats or sugar. Replacing everything at once is ideal but not very realistic, taking one step at a time in healthier options for kids can help decline the obesity rate for the future. References Deckelbaum, R. J., Williams, C. L. (2001). Childhood Obesity: The Health Issue. Obesity Research, 9(S11). doi:10.1038/oby.2001.125 The reason we chose this reference is because it explained in depth more of the real health issues children face from obesity in the world. It provided a descriptive analysis of what issues children face when overweight and potential comorbid illnesses they may experience. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.732 This reference was used because of the information it provided not only on childhood obesity but also adult obesity in the United States and how the examples parents lead by can shape the health and attitudes of their children when it comes to making healthy food choices. Ebbeling, C. B., Pawlak, D. B., Ludwig, D. S. (2002). Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet, 360(9331), 473-482. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09678-2 Dawes, Laura. Childhood obesity in America. Harvard University Press, 2014. Gortmaker, Steven L., et al. Increasing pediatric obesity in the United States. American journal of diseases of children 141.5 (1987): 535-540. Ludwig, David S., Karen E. Peterson, and Steven L. Gortmaker. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. The Lancet 357.9255 (2001): 505-508.

APA Ethical Dilemma Paper - 1387 Words

Trial Testing in Children Leslie Aguilar Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 322: Pediatric Nursing 3/28/15 Trial Testing in Children Our country is one where every day, new medical treatments and medicines are being discovered and being approved to help Americans battle all of the different diseases and conditions that affect us. In order for us to be able to get access to those medications and treatments, many people agree to become part of clinical trials, they are the first to receive the treatments, this helps to understand how the body will be affected and if the medication will be effective. People who are part of these clinical trials, go through extensive medical testing, and they must be of sound mind and†¦show more content†¦In current times, children are not getting infected with diseases in order to find curative vaccines, but they are being made part of clinical trials for studies of genetic screening, the enrollment of healthy children in studies of sibling bone marrow donation, and the use of hypothermia for neonates with asphyxia (Laventhal, Tarini Lantos, 2012) . These trial studies have become ethical dilemmas in pediatrics for various reasons, people believe that there are not strong enough regulations for these trials and also that children are not given the opportunity to make their own decisions, most of the time, because children are underage, parents are the ones who make the decision of making their children part of these studies. Current regulations for pediatric clinical trials only require the consent of one parent, unless they are high level risk trials, in which case both parents needs to give approval and the child must also assent. The issue of children given assent for high risk trials is controversial because how do we know that the children really understand the risks that are associated with the trials, do they fully understand that they could possibly get hurt and sometimes their lives can be in danger. ANA Code of Ethics Ethical principles are principles that are in accordance with the rules or standards for rightShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Principles Of Psychologists And Code Of Conduct999 Words   |  4 Pagescan create ethical dilemmas in the future (Knapp VadeCreek, 2001). Additionally, these individuals lack competency regarding the roles of the forensic psychologist. 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Psychologist, therapist, and others in the helping profession need to conduct themselves in a manner: (a) to uphold integrity and honest of the profession; (b) protect the welfare of the client; and (c) making sound decisions which justify ones actions base upon the profession. Forensic psychologist based their ethical decision upon the principles based upon ones actions. There are

Steve Jobs - Transformational Leader free essay sample

Jobs was fittingly named Fortunes CEO of the Decade in 2009. A decade ago, after witnessing the almost complete collapse of the music industry which I came to know intimately through my years of work with the biggest record labels in the world, I witnessed the pure genius of Apples Steve Jobs as he transformed the way in which we buy and sell music in the digital realm. Here was a man whose primary industry is computing but clearly possessed abilities far beyond those of the failing record labels to recognize the music industrys value chain and the major shift occurring in its fundamental structure as a result of the emerging digital technologies. With his launch of the iTunes music software in 2001, the iPod music player, the subsequent online store in 2002 combined with tough negotiating with major labels he managed to deliver a clear message that engaged the commerce of music once again. In my most honest personal opinion, without question, Steve Jobs saved the music industry. While the unsettled state of the music industry still prevails, Steve Jobs has made it possible for those remaining musical soldiers to envision new business opportunities that can combine the best elements of the old model with new digital channels and a ew value chain that is highly independent and dialectical. I truly admire Steves brilliance and ability to handle complex problems, like the music industrys, by focusing on the heart of the challenge at hand. How does one transform a near bankrupt company to a globally dominant and influential power? This goal, at its core, is a complex and incredibly challenging prospect to consider even for a computer expert. However, Jobs eagerly met a similar challenge in 1997 when he returned to Apple after his dismissal in 1985. Steve systematically started rusted and would form the centre of the company for more than a decade. He then restructured a new product line that would provide an elegantly cool and newly sophisticated alternative to the already familiar business focused Dell or IBM PC. The iMac, a breakthrough all-in-one computer with monitor attached marked the dawn of a new computing frontier and Apples return. Its high price along with drastic cost cut backs allowed Jobs to build enough cash to repair Apples balance sheet and prepare the company for bigger and bolder investments in the future. His approach of tabilizing Apples foundation and preparing it for an excitingly newer and more profitable future is one approach that he uses for any venture. Whether he is remaking the music industry, movie industry or smartphone industry he always tackles the problem of the matter at its core and rebuilds the business structure from the inside out. Even when Apples stock prices plummeted after missing its financial targets in 2000, it hardly mattered because Steve had already laid the vital ground work for Apples transformation. Jobs transformational leadership is the key o Apples long-term strategic growth and sustainability. Steve Jobs leadership qualities come from a place of personal power. He is an expert in his original field of computing and referent in his celebrity status and admirable air. His rare approach to business is what makes him stand out from your average CEO. His attire is famously unconventional to the point that his wardrobe seems to only consist of multiple pairs of Levis 501 blue Jeans, black long-sleeved mock turtlenecks and Reebok sneakers. His quirkiness and unmistakeable design tastes are loved worldwide and mirrored in popular culture. He slums around with pop music stars and yet holds his own as a born showman. If youVe ever seen one of his famed key note speeches you will agree that he has the qualities of an illusionist and is a spot-on perfectionist. All of his uniquely charismatic qualities contribute a great deal to his lore and provide an intriguing backdrop to the hard work and innovation that occurs behind the walls of Apple. Jobs charisma is a key aspect to his leadership. He inspires enthusiasm of his employees to achieve more by doing the seemingly impossible. His charisma also inspires customers to buy Apple products. Jobs even with all of his quirks, is unmistakably all about business and ensures that his managers, team leaders and designers fully understand what the Apple brand signifies. If anyone needs to know what Apple stands for, one only need understand Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs is synonymous with Apple. His original youthful vision for Apple still remains today, driven by his first love to which he returned to be an ambassador of cool and be a positive influence of change in the world. Apple is the symbol for the infinite imagination of youth and an unstoppable innovative focus. It is the symbol or onsumers. My own personal experience with the Apple brand goes back to my first Power PC that I used in conjunction with music creation software. At the time most of the top producers, songwriters and programming engineers in the music industry agreed that Apple was the better platform for music creation over PC. When a client or novice would ask why, our answer would always center on the point that Apples architecture was more stable than PC. Even though this answer was a valid argument secretly I and my colleagues all knew the real reason why we bought Macs; Apple was ll about cool, which was wholly in line with our feeling and passion for creating music. Apple was an inspiration for us to be the best at what we did and to strive for perfection. I think we all, in one way or another, desire to be the best at what we do and seek inspiration that can spark our cause. Steve Jobs delivers that spark and sets the example through hard work and a never quit until it is right commitment to his brand. Steves compelling vision for an improved future for Apple is further demonstrated by his ability to successfully challenge the process. When his competitor zigs, he zags. Instead of trying to make up the PC market share, of which Apple currently owns 10. % globallyl , Jobs decides to build 327 retail stores in eleven countries2, make up 73% of the U. S. MP3 player market, become the undisputed leader in mobile phone innovation topping the global smartphone market share at 18. 5%3 and take 78% of the global tablet market share in 20114. Going back to 1997 when Apples future was unclear any other red blooded American CEO would have done the more ap parent thing and sold the company. But Jobs turned down not one but two roposals to buy Apple. Jobs friend Ellison was one of the two entities who tried to buy Apple but later became an Apple board member. Ellison is quoted as saying, Jobs didnt like the idea of being second guessed if it looked as if hed returned simply to make money. Jobs explanation to Ellison was, with the moral high ground, he thought he could make decisions more easily and more gracefully. Jobs set a clear example that money was not as important to him as aligning Apples moral principles with his own. In so doing Jobs could more easily rally his troops behind his uthority decisions whereby allowing the transformational process to happen at a faster rate and more unified manner. Jobs enthusiasm for his company and belief in his capabilities set a prime example that fuelled Apples growth and success. After CEO Michael Dell of Dell Computers began a war of words at the Gartner Symposium in 1997 during Apples troubled period, stating, if he owned Apple he would shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders, Jobs then in 2006 responded after Apples market capitalization rose above Dells with an internal email reading, Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasnt perfect at predicting the future. Jobs keeps his team members close. They are like his family. He involves them in the triumphs that come as a result of their hard work, affirming value in his workforce and rousing a competitive drive among in his team. Jobs is very careful to avoid overexposure, limiting his visibility to speaking only to promote his highly popular products. He could have spoken about his 2004 cancer surgery before it occurred but chose to wait until after, and then only in an internal company e-email that was later on released to the press. His six month leave of absence was also told in another internal e-mail with no comment from Steve personally. The public follows Jobs in part because of his choice to remain out of the public spot light. The medias frenzied reports and speculations during the months of announcing and selling the first iPhone are a testament to his psychological strategy. His media relations team keeps everyone in Apples orbit on a tight leash when it comes to public speaking. The message is the focus at Apple and one of their key business tools. Steve rehearses with his authorized executives line by line the words hat they are to speak and not to speak in public. He reduces the probability for error even further by utilizing a very small number of executives to communicate the companys message publicly. Jobs admits that there are an incredible amount of up to 100 individuals reporting directly to him5. By this token, Jobs exemplifies characteristics of an autocratic style leadership approach. The fact that he has so many people reporting directly to him is representative for his desire for total control. In a triumphant return to the public eye in September 2009, Steve Jobs thanked Apples chief operating officer Tim Cook for running the company in his absence. Steve celebrated this achievement in conjunction with his recovery with cancer as the crowd gave them both a standing ovation. Cook is one man who Jobs holds a lot of trust and empowers to do great things for the company. Cook was given authority as acting CEO during Jobs leave, with Jobs involvement in crucial decision making only when needed. In the grander scheme of Jobs corporate makeup he has instilled a tremendous amount of information regarding company procedures, corporate and oral responsibilities. The question, What would Steve do? is the driving thought among company executives and employees. Apples foundation is very strong because it has been trained by Steve to think like Steve, therefore ensuring optimal results from its members lead by a clear directive. participative leadership. His assertiveness and dominance as a model for his team does not allow much room for empathy or high levels of social skill. He is not one to rely on group-decision or even so much consultative-decision to democratically strive for an agreement or compromise. There is talk that he is even rude in meetings and extremely impatient6. Employees, as a result, tend to not voice their opinion as much and participate in group meetings. It is most common for a transformational leader to concentrate on building trust however, Apple is known for keeping their future plans hush and only talking about things it has accomplished. So it can be said that Jobs might not seem to exemplify the traits of a transformational leader whom exudes personal encouragement and emotional intelligence. However, based on the fact that Jobs has transformed several ompanies over the years including Pixar which is a success story, bolsters Jobs status as a transformational leader. Steve Jobs can be said to be a moral leader who strives to ensure his companys motives are pure7. His crackdown on pornographic developers and applications containing pornographic content on iPhones and iPads is one example of his consistent commitment to adhere to a higher moral standard. Even though Jobs realizes that some folks do like porn and they have a right to access it if they wish, he also believes that Apple should be allowed to try and preserve the user experience they envision8. Jobs shot back at critics who opposed his moral position in 2010 when he responded to Ryan Tates email, a writer for Gawker. com, when he said miou might care more about porn when you have kids9. Steve also believes that it is everyones moral right to be free from programs that steal private data and trash users batteries. Steve envisions products that will live up to these moral standards and lead the march for what he calls a revolution10 (in the digital domain) sighting iPad2 as the flagship product leading the cause. Even though the above moral topics are very important issues that Jobs is doing well t upholding we cannot forget about the current largest moral responsibility society places on massive technology companies like Apple; that being green energy involvement or clean energy practices.