Identifying Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Identifying Bacteria Essay Bacteria identification is accomplished in a number of ways. Two common tools microbiologists use to identify unknown bacteria include dichotomous key and biochemical tests. The dichotomous key is useful when a microbiologist only needs to know which group an unknown microbe belongs to on a general level. When a microbiologist needs to identify a specific bacterium, biochemical tests are used. PART ONE: GENERAL BACTERIA IDENTIFICATION Review the dichotomous key in Figure A, the bacterial shapes in Figure B, and the Gram stain information below. You will use all three to determine to which major group unknown bacteria belong. Gram Stain Results: Purple = Gram positive Red = Gram negative Neither purple nor red = No cell wall (neither Gram positive nor Gram negative) Review Figure C on the following page. Use Figure C to identify the type of arrangement displayed by the unknown bacteria. Read through the Sample Identification on the following page for an example of how to identify bacterial groups and arrangements using Figures A, B, C, and the Gram stain results. Sample Identification After performing a Gram stain, you observe the following under a microscope: (Cells are stained red.) Begin with item 1 on the dichotomous key (Figure A). Because the organisms  are red, they are not Gram-positive. According to the key, continue to item 3. Because the organism is red (not clear or another color), it is indeed Gram-negative according to item 3. The key directs you to item 5. Consider the shape of individual cells for item 5. According to Figure B, the shape type is closest to spherical. (Note: spherical is circular.) The bacteria belong to the Gram-negative cocci group. Now use Figure C to describe arrangement of bacteria. (The bacteria are not rod- or club-shaped, so focus on the cocci arrangements.) Identify the arrangement that is most prominent. The bacteria are arranged in a diplo- fashion. Enter the group and arrangement in the table. Application Use Figures A, B, C, and Gram stain results to identify group and arrangement of bacteria. Continue to Part Two after completing the table. View from Microscope Group of Bacteria Arrangement (stained red) Gram-negative cocci Diplo- (stained purple) (stained purple) (stained red) (stained red) (stained purple) (stained purple) PART TWO: CAse study scenario: identify specific bacteria through biochemical testing To gain an understanding of the processes involved with identifying bacteria through biochemical tests, access Chapter 6 of the text in WileyPlus located on the Week One course page. Once in WileyPlus (Chapter 6), select the â€Å"Bacterial Identification by API† link located under the heading, Take Another Look. Once selected, review the information and watch the Flash-animated movie (animation) located within this link. Then, review the following scenario and answer the questions that follow. Case Study A recent outbreak of food poisoning has occurred in a community. One possible source of contamination may be the produce that is grown and distributed locally at a farmer’s market. A test sample of some of the produce revealed evidence of bacterial contamination. The bacteria sample was tested in a microbiology lab and showed the results that follow. The laboratory also performed a Gram stain of the isolated bacteria and ran a number of biochemical tests to aid identification. The biochemical tests were assayed using the Analytical Profile Index (API) 20E system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative bacteria. Figure 1. Microbiology laboratory results – Unknown bacteria present on produce (API Results) Figure 2. API Results of Unknown Bacteria in Text Format Gram stain: Gram-negative Based on Gram stain results and the knowledge that this bacterium caused food poisoning, the laboratory is able to narrow down the possibilities to three bacterial strains. Figure 3 shows the API results: Figure 3. API Results of Known Bacterial Strains in Text Format Gram stain Application Compare the API biochemical test results in Figure 2 (unknown bacteria from  produce) with API test results in Figure 3 (known bacterial strains identified in the gray boxes on the left). The bacterial strain in Figure 3 that matches Figure 2 will identify the bacterial strain causing illness. Based upon your observations, which of the bacteria in Figure 3 is the most likely cause of the food poisoning outbreak?

XFL Excitment Or Excuse :: essays research papers

XFL: Excitement or Excuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football is something as American as apple pie. It is thought of as gritty, physical, and all around fun just as most Americans like to be thought of. For decades the NFL has dominated the world of football. However, Vince McMahon, the founder of the WWF, has introduced a new and controversial professional football league called the XFL. Much of the controversy is about whether the XFL is a force to be reckoned with or just another of McMahon’s clever marketing ploys. Although the XFL’s survival has been questioned by many, it promises to be a league full of the smash-mouth, trash-talking, fan-oriented football every fan deserves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, the league will succeed because it has been geared towards the fans from the beginning. In contrast, the NFL only seems to care about its premadonna, million dollar superstars. Chuck Miller, a columnist for Football Digest, points out the perfect timing for the league. It starts up right after the Super Bowl and ends right before the basketball and hockey postseasons (58). The XFL has implemented many new rules to increase the excitement of the game. No fair catches, no kicking for PATs, and no â€Å"safety† rules to protect the quarterback are just a few of the rules changed in hopes of creating a faster more competitive game. Secondly, there are cameras and microphones everywhere, including on the benches, in the huddles, and all over the field. This will give the fans a new and different perspective than the average NFL game. The locker rooms at half time, a referee’s huddle, and even a player’s brutal taunts to the opposing t eam which are usually off limits to the average fan add to the thrill and emotion of an XFL game. Also, the price of an average XFL ticket is around a reasonable twenty-five dollars. These cheap tickets to a new and certainly exciting professional football league have many people believing this is truly fan-based entertainment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason the XFL will survive and prosper is its business savvy. Vice McMahon, who established himself as the owner and founder of the WWF, has proved to be a marketing genius. In a 50-50 partnership with NBC, who pumped in 50 million dollars and marketing muscle, Vince is targeting 13-24 year old males for his new football league.This target audience of 13-24 year old males just happens to be the same target audience of his WWF, which should make cross promotions a breeze (Efferon 31).

The Final Five Minutes

Here I am lying in my hospital bed and I've just been told, this is it, I'm not sure how I feel, maybe relieved. This Illness has gone on too long and I have lost any energy I may have had for the fight. When the doctor told me, a very nice girl, she had tears down her cheeks and I ended up telling her that it was all right. I think this is the first time since it began I have been able to feel relaxed and calm. Sitting round the bed is my wife and two children watching me and talking about all the things that had happened today. I do not know if I am interested but I must look like I am for them, they are upset as it is and they will not believe I am content about the news I was given this morning. So far my life has been full and happy with my wife and children growing up around me. Although I am sad to be leaving them behind I know they will be OK and supported by my own family and friends and also theirs ass well when they are called upon. I know my family are close and will stick together through thick and thin to cope with the good and bad times together. I am holding my sons hands and telling him that things will carry on without me as normal and he must help his sister to get by being strong and helping his mum when she needs it and act as the man of the house. The nurse is putting something in my arm and saying it is for the pain and it feels like I am on drugs, it feels good and soothes the pain that has overcome my body for so long. I hope they give me enough drugs to help me through and make me leave this world looking ok and so everything is ok when the times comes to say goodbye, I'll be on the right track. Everything seems to be becoming distant and blurred, I wonder if this is the time? I don't know if I am ready yet, I want to say goodbye before I go anywhere. I'm thinking of my own parents and my past like a picture album remembering the good things when I was young. I seem to be going further away and every body is shouting, I wish they would be quiet and let me rest. All of a sudden everything is clear and I can see my family this makes me feel very happy and I am ready to go. Things are getting dark and I think this might be it, I don't care as long as it happens straight away and I do not look to silly. Everything is extremely quite and this is where I find out what really happens at the end.

Methods And Materials Primer Design And Cloning - 768 Words

Methods and Materials: Primer Design and Cloning: To explore regions of the Drosophila genome that weren’t categorized by Stark lab fragments, we used a molecular approach to design novel candidate enhancers from the ChIP sequence peaks. This approach also allowed us to create narrower fragments (approximately 1000 bp), focusing on enhancer activity and reducing the chance of background activity. Fragments containing in vivo Bcd and Otd binding signals were selected by searching between 500 bp upstream to 500 bp downstream of the primary binding peaks from ChIP sequence data (Datta, Unpublished) for Bcd Early (BcdE), Otd Late (OtdL), Otd Early (OtdE), or both BcdE and OtdL. We designed primers for the top candidate enhancers using Primer3, calculating for appropriate GC content and melting temperature (primers ordered through Integrated DNA Technologies, Iowa). Restriction enzyme sites (AscI at 5` and BglII at 3’) were incorporated into the primers. Standard PCR amplification (Chen et al.) was performed with wildtype f ly genomic DNA and candidate primers. Qiagenâ„ ¢ kits were used for PCR purification and gel extraction. Vector Construction and Transgenesis: Reporter gene construction was conducted to obtain flies that contained the candidate enhancers. Reporter genes were constructed using the piB-HC-lacZ vector (Chen et al, 2012). The piB-HC-lacZ vector contains a 4.0 kb HindIII-SphI fragment, including an eve basal promotor, the lacZ-coding region, and the 3’ UTR from theShow MoreRelatedPolymerase Chain Reaction Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesOne may view cloning as copying a living thing and producing multiple copies. People may think of cloning rabbits, sheep or humans. In the field of molecular biology, however cloning is viewed at a genetic molecular level, where a piece of DNA is copied on a large-scale by genetically copying tens to hundreds of thousands of identical DNA fragments. 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